https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/ Mon, 18 May 2026 01:45:11 +0000 MyBB https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5162.html Sat, 25 Apr 2026 13:52:18 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5162.html Louise Oertly, president
Bill Binzel, vice president
Rebecca Morris, secretary
Dr. Nathan Willis, treasurer

In the interest of time, a motion will be offered to approve the slate en bloc (all together) so as not to have individual votes of the membership on each position.

After the business meeting, there will be two presentations. Joe Barry will discuss the audience at Ford’s Theatre on the night of April 14, 1865, and Mike Mazzeo will discuss the history and restoration of Rich Hill, which was the home of Samuel Cox and John Wilkes Booth’s third stop in his attempt to escape.

The meeting and presentations are open to all, and free.

The Zoom link to the meeting is: https://us06web.zoom.us/j/84728950585?pw...ZYp5NVZk.1 .]]> Louise Oertly, president
Bill Binzel, vice president
Rebecca Morris, secretary
Dr. Nathan Willis, treasurer

In the interest of time, a motion will be offered to approve the slate en bloc (all together) so as not to have individual votes of the membership on each position.

After the business meeting, there will be two presentations. Joe Barry will discuss the audience at Ford’s Theatre on the night of April 14, 1865, and Mike Mazzeo will discuss the history and restoration of Rich Hill, which was the home of Samuel Cox and John Wilkes Booth’s third stop in his attempt to escape.

The meeting and presentations are open to all, and free.

The Zoom link to the meeting is: https://us06web.zoom.us/j/84728950585?pw...ZYp5NVZk.1 .]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5160.html Wed, 15 Apr 2026 01:36:33 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5160.html
https://hydeparkstation.org/events

There's a historic marker at the train station.

https://www.wgpfoundation.org/historic-m...RIL%2025**

"Inscription
GHOST TRAIN
PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S
FUNERAL TRAIN PASSED THROUGH
HYDE PARK ON APRIL 25, 1865.
HIS GHOST TRAIN OFTEN SEEN
HERE AT NIGHT ON APRIL 25.
NEW YORK FOLKLORE
WILLIAM G. POMEROY FOUNDATION 2024"

"Shortly before 8pm on April 25, the president’s funeral train passed through the town of Hyde Park. Ever since this momentous occasion, a story has been told of an eerie event that occurs along the tracks in Hyde Park each night on April 25. If the moon is out, clouds are said to obscure it. A black carpet seems to roll down the tracks and deadens all sound. Then, Lincoln’s funeral train, adorned in black crepe is seen slowing inching its way north to Albany. This is not the only story told of sightings of the ghost of Lincoln’s funeral train. One will hear of similar stories that have been passed along in communities located along the train’s path that still resonate with locals to this day."

The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library and Presidential Museum (and his home) and the Vanderbilt Mansion are also located in Hyde Park.]]>
https://hydeparkstation.org/events

There's a historic marker at the train station.

https://www.wgpfoundation.org/historic-m...RIL%2025**

"Inscription
GHOST TRAIN
PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S
FUNERAL TRAIN PASSED THROUGH
HYDE PARK ON APRIL 25, 1865.
HIS GHOST TRAIN OFTEN SEEN
HERE AT NIGHT ON APRIL 25.
NEW YORK FOLKLORE
WILLIAM G. POMEROY FOUNDATION 2024"

"Shortly before 8pm on April 25, the president’s funeral train passed through the town of Hyde Park. Ever since this momentous occasion, a story has been told of an eerie event that occurs along the tracks in Hyde Park each night on April 25. If the moon is out, clouds are said to obscure it. A black carpet seems to roll down the tracks and deadens all sound. Then, Lincoln’s funeral train, adorned in black crepe is seen slowing inching its way north to Albany. This is not the only story told of sightings of the ghost of Lincoln’s funeral train. One will hear of similar stories that have been passed along in communities located along the train’s path that still resonate with locals to this day."

The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library and Presidential Museum (and his home) and the Vanderbilt Mansion are also located in Hyde Park.]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5158.html Sat, 04 Apr 2026 14:35:14 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5158.html PBS News Hour
Judy Woodruff: “Over the years, many presidents have been depicted as kings, including Abraham Lincoln, who during the Civil War suspended habeas corpus, a person's right to challenge their own detention.”

News and Announcements -- The chief justice takes a swipe at JD Vance (1-2-2025)

President Abraham Lincoln defied the Supreme Court, and most importantly the Chief Justice:

Team of Rivals, page 354-55:

Receiving word that the mobs intended to destroy the train tracks between Annapolis and Philadelphia in order to prevent the long-awaited troops from reaching the beleaguered capital, Lincoln made the controversial decision. If resistance along the military line between Washington and Philadelphia made it "necessary to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus for the public safety," Lincoln authorized General Scott to do so. In Lincoln's words, General Scott could "arrest, and detain, without resort to the ordinary processes and forms of law, such individuals as he might deem dangerous to public safety." Seward later claimed that he had urged a wavering Lincoln to take this step, convincing him that "perdition was the the sure penalty of further hesitation."

Lincoln had not issued a sweeping order but a directive confined to this single route. Still, by rescinding the basic constitutional protection against arbitrary arrest, he aroused the wrath of Chief Justice Taney, who . . . blasted Lincoln and maintained that only Congress could suspend the writ.

Lincoln later defended his decision in his first message to Congress. As chief executive, he was responsible for ensuring "that the laws be faithfully executed." An insurrection "in nearly one-third of the States" had subverted the "whole of the laws . . . are all the laws, but one, to go unexecuted, and the government itself go to pieces, lest that one be violated?"

"So very difficult a matter is it to trace and find out the truth of anything by history." -- Plutarch]]> PBS News Hour
Judy Woodruff: “Over the years, many presidents have been depicted as kings, including Abraham Lincoln, who during the Civil War suspended habeas corpus, a person's right to challenge their own detention.”

News and Announcements -- The chief justice takes a swipe at JD Vance (1-2-2025)

President Abraham Lincoln defied the Supreme Court, and most importantly the Chief Justice:

Team of Rivals, page 354-55:

Receiving word that the mobs intended to destroy the train tracks between Annapolis and Philadelphia in order to prevent the long-awaited troops from reaching the beleaguered capital, Lincoln made the controversial decision. If resistance along the military line between Washington and Philadelphia made it "necessary to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus for the public safety," Lincoln authorized General Scott to do so. In Lincoln's words, General Scott could "arrest, and detain, without resort to the ordinary processes and forms of law, such individuals as he might deem dangerous to public safety." Seward later claimed that he had urged a wavering Lincoln to take this step, convincing him that "perdition was the the sure penalty of further hesitation."

Lincoln had not issued a sweeping order but a directive confined to this single route. Still, by rescinding the basic constitutional protection against arbitrary arrest, he aroused the wrath of Chief Justice Taney, who . . . blasted Lincoln and maintained that only Congress could suspend the writ.

Lincoln later defended his decision in his first message to Congress. As chief executive, he was responsible for ensuring "that the laws be faithfully executed." An insurrection "in nearly one-third of the States" had subverted the "whole of the laws . . . are all the laws, but one, to go unexecuted, and the government itself go to pieces, lest that one be violated?"

"So very difficult a matter is it to trace and find out the truth of anything by history." -- Plutarch]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5157.html Wed, 01 Apr 2026 12:59:58 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5157.html
The new installation had been announced during the Biden administration, with the goal of having them on view before the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence this July.

After logistical delays and changes in leadership during the Trump administration, they were quietly installed last week in new marble cases a few steps away from the Declaration, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

New York Times reports today (April 1, 2026)]]>
The new installation had been announced during the Biden administration, with the goal of having them on view before the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence this July.

After logistical delays and changes in leadership during the Trump administration, they were quietly installed last week in new marble cases a few steps away from the Declaration, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

New York Times reports today (April 1, 2026)]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5155.html Wed, 25 Mar 2026 04:40:45 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5155.html https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5153.html Mon, 16 Mar 2026 22:57:32 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5153.html Alexander Historical Auctions LLC
Mar 11, 2026, 08:43 ET

ELKTON, Md., March 11, 2026 /PRNewswire/ -- On March 27, 2026 Maryland auctioneers Alexander Historical Auctions, known internationally for their sale of historic letters, documents, and relics will be offering at auction an amazing discovery made by a young Lincoln scholar: a pair of eyeglasses worn by the slain 16th president, Abraham Lincoln. The glasses were once attributed to Lincoln's son, but the young man's dogged research has proven them to have belonged to Abraham Lincoln himself.

The same auction will feature the historic large flag which covered the body of President Ulysses S. Grant from the time of his death until its arrival for burial in New York. It was given to the family of the man who donated to Grant the cabin in which the president would ultimately pass.

Details and photos:
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases...10429.html]]> Alexander Historical Auctions LLC
Mar 11, 2026, 08:43 ET

ELKTON, Md., March 11, 2026 /PRNewswire/ -- On March 27, 2026 Maryland auctioneers Alexander Historical Auctions, known internationally for their sale of historic letters, documents, and relics will be offering at auction an amazing discovery made by a young Lincoln scholar: a pair of eyeglasses worn by the slain 16th president, Abraham Lincoln. The glasses were once attributed to Lincoln's son, but the young man's dogged research has proven them to have belonged to Abraham Lincoln himself.

The same auction will feature the historic large flag which covered the body of President Ulysses S. Grant from the time of his death until its arrival for burial in New York. It was given to the family of the man who donated to Grant the cabin in which the president would ultimately pass.

Details and photos:
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases...10429.html]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5149.html Fri, 13 Mar 2026 14:53:28 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5149.html https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5148.html Sat, 07 Mar 2026 22:07:48 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5148.html SPRINGFIELD – One of the few surviving dresses worn by Mary Lincoln is now on display at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.
The dress is extremely fragile, so the ALPLM rarely puts it on public display. This is the first time since 2011. The last time before that was in 1985.
Known as the “strawberry dress” for its decorative pattern of berries and leaves, the dress can be seen in the special exhibit “Lincoln: A Life and Legacy that Defined a Nation.”
Read more and see a color image of the dress here.
https://presidentlincoln.illinois.gov/Ne...ws-detail/]]> SPRINGFIELD – One of the few surviving dresses worn by Mary Lincoln is now on display at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.
The dress is extremely fragile, so the ALPLM rarely puts it on public display. This is the first time since 2011. The last time before that was in 1985.
Known as the “strawberry dress” for its decorative pattern of berries and leaves, the dress can be seen in the special exhibit “Lincoln: A Life and Legacy that Defined a Nation.”
Read more and see a color image of the dress here.
https://presidentlincoln.illinois.gov/Ne...ws-detail/]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5146.html Sun, 01 Mar 2026 10:03:34 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5146.html

https://www.citizensvoice.com/2026/02/28...n-gallery/]]>

https://www.citizensvoice.com/2026/02/28...n-gallery/]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5145.html Sun, 01 Mar 2026 01:53:45 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5145.html https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5144.html Mon, 23 Feb 2026 17:19:11 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5144.html
"It has long been a grave question whether any government, not too strong for the liberties of its people, can be strong enough to maintain its own existence, in great emergencies."]]>
"It has long been a grave question whether any government, not too strong for the liberties of its people, can be strong enough to maintain its own existence, in great emergencies."]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5143.html Tue, 17 Feb 2026 17:02:29 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5143.html
"[A]n 8-foot-long, 37-star American flag covered [President Lincoln's] casket during the funeral train tour after his assassination in 1865.

Millions of mourners turned out to pay their respects as the train made its way from Washington, D.C., to Springfield, Ill., where Lincoln was interred. Afterward, Maj. Lewis Applegate, an Army doctor, took possession of the flag.

The Applegate lineage kept it for more than a century, and it was eventually turned over to the Museum of Southern History in Florida. In 2024, the flag was put up for sale at a Guernsey’s auction. Tilman Fertitta, the Texas billionaire and owner of Keens, pounced, buying it for a reported $656,250."

Julia Lisowski, the steakhouse’s general manager, stood beside the curtain and faced the guests. “We are thrilled you are able to join us in the Lincoln Room as we confer the Abraham Lincoln Casket Flag of 1865 to its permanent home,” she said.

She recounted how it was made by the nation’s oldest flag maker, Annin & Company, noting that its 37th star existed in anticipation of Nebraska’s statehood. She told of a curator, Rhonda Hiser, who three years ago discovered the flag languishing behind a bookshelf at the Museum of Southern History.

She went on to thank Mr. Fertitta, the restaurateur and casino magnate who bought Keens two years ago, adding it to a portfolio that includes Rainforest Cafe and Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. Mr. Fertitta, who was not present for the party, also owns the Houston Rockets basketball franchise and serves as the United States ambassador to Italy and San Marino.

Finally, when the curtain was pulled back, the crowd cheered as the majestic hand-sewn flag was revealed. Along its hoist was Major Applegate’s signature and a marking indicating the date of Lincoln’s assassination.]]>
"[A]n 8-foot-long, 37-star American flag covered [President Lincoln's] casket during the funeral train tour after his assassination in 1865.

Millions of mourners turned out to pay their respects as the train made its way from Washington, D.C., to Springfield, Ill., where Lincoln was interred. Afterward, Maj. Lewis Applegate, an Army doctor, took possession of the flag.

The Applegate lineage kept it for more than a century, and it was eventually turned over to the Museum of Southern History in Florida. In 2024, the flag was put up for sale at a Guernsey’s auction. Tilman Fertitta, the Texas billionaire and owner of Keens, pounced, buying it for a reported $656,250."

Julia Lisowski, the steakhouse’s general manager, stood beside the curtain and faced the guests. “We are thrilled you are able to join us in the Lincoln Room as we confer the Abraham Lincoln Casket Flag of 1865 to its permanent home,” she said.

She recounted how it was made by the nation’s oldest flag maker, Annin & Company, noting that its 37th star existed in anticipation of Nebraska’s statehood. She told of a curator, Rhonda Hiser, who three years ago discovered the flag languishing behind a bookshelf at the Museum of Southern History.

She went on to thank Mr. Fertitta, the restaurateur and casino magnate who bought Keens two years ago, adding it to a portfolio that includes Rainforest Cafe and Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. Mr. Fertitta, who was not present for the party, also owns the Houston Rockets basketball franchise and serves as the United States ambassador to Italy and San Marino.

Finally, when the curtain was pulled back, the crowd cheered as the majestic hand-sewn flag was revealed. Along its hoist was Major Applegate’s signature and a marking indicating the date of Lincoln’s assassination.]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5141.html Tue, 10 Feb 2026 20:15:10 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5141.html
Among others, the program will feature national media personalities Steve Inskeep and Judy Woodruff, Pulitzer Prize winning author Edda Fields Black, Lincoln Prize winning author Richard Carwardine, musician duo Jay Unger and Molly Mason, celebrated author Walter Isaacson, and philanthropist David Rubenstein.

The symposium will be held at Ford’s Theatre on March 21, 2026 and will be FREE OF CHARGE.

For more information on the program, panel topics, and participants, and for a link to register for the symposium, please visit the Abraham Lincoln Institute’s symposium webpage:
https://lincoln-institute.org/ali-symposium-2026/

Please help the Institute continue to support high quality, Lincoln related programming and consider a donation, large or small, in furtherance of that goal. This year’s symposium is also made possible by a generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Donations can be made at the ALI website donation page:
https://lincoln-institute.org/donate-ali/]]>
Among others, the program will feature national media personalities Steve Inskeep and Judy Woodruff, Pulitzer Prize winning author Edda Fields Black, Lincoln Prize winning author Richard Carwardine, musician duo Jay Unger and Molly Mason, celebrated author Walter Isaacson, and philanthropist David Rubenstein.

The symposium will be held at Ford’s Theatre on March 21, 2026 and will be FREE OF CHARGE.

For more information on the program, panel topics, and participants, and for a link to register for the symposium, please visit the Abraham Lincoln Institute’s symposium webpage:
https://lincoln-institute.org/ali-symposium-2026/

Please help the Institute continue to support high quality, Lincoln related programming and consider a donation, large or small, in furtherance of that goal. This year’s symposium is also made possible by a generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Donations can be made at the ALI website donation page:
https://lincoln-institute.org/donate-ali/]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5139.html Wed, 04 Feb 2026 02:39:19 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5139.html https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5135.html Thu, 15 Jan 2026 13:47:36 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5135.html
The banquet will be held on evening of February 12th and will feature speaker and three time winner of the Lincoln Prize, Allen Guelzo. Registration and a fee are required for attendance at this event.

The symposium will be held on February 13th and is FREE OF CHARGE (though there is a charge for lunch if attendees wish to eat at the symposium venue) and will feature the following speakers and panelists: Allen Guelzo, Michael Burlingame (2010 Lincoln Prize winner), Lucas Morel, Michael Vorenberg (2026 Lincoln Prize finalist), and John Bicknell.

For more information on the program, the speakers, and/or to register please visit the ALA symposium webpage:
https://abrahamlincolnassociation.org/ab...m-banquet/

I hope to see you in Springfield in February!]]>
The banquet will be held on evening of February 12th and will feature speaker and three time winner of the Lincoln Prize, Allen Guelzo. Registration and a fee are required for attendance at this event.

The symposium will be held on February 13th and is FREE OF CHARGE (though there is a charge for lunch if attendees wish to eat at the symposium venue) and will feature the following speakers and panelists: Allen Guelzo, Michael Burlingame (2010 Lincoln Prize winner), Lucas Morel, Michael Vorenberg (2026 Lincoln Prize finalist), and John Bicknell.

For more information on the program, the speakers, and/or to register please visit the ALA symposium webpage:
https://abrahamlincolnassociation.org/ab...m-banquet/

I hope to see you in Springfield in February!]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5133.html Fri, 02 Jan 2026 23:58:53 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5133.html
See the coins, FAQs, video, and info graphics
https://www.usmint.gov/news/media-kit/se...c94f96cb64]]>
See the coins, FAQs, video, and info graphics
https://www.usmint.gov/news/media-kit/se...c94f96cb64]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5124.html Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:55:34 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5124.html ,]]> ,]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5120.html Sat, 01 Nov 2025 19:25:13 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5120.html
"Death By Lightning"
Netflix Newsletter : The story of James Garfield, who rose from obscurity to become America's 20th President — and Charles Guiteau, the man who assassinated him.
https://www.netflix.com/title/81438325

"Death by Lightning" dramatizes the stranger-than-fiction true story of 20th U.S. President James Garfield, and admirer Charles Guiteau, who assassinated him.
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31121364/]]>
"Death By Lightning"
Netflix Newsletter : The story of James Garfield, who rose from obscurity to become America's 20th President — and Charles Guiteau, the man who assassinated him.
https://www.netflix.com/title/81438325

"Death by Lightning" dramatizes the stranger-than-fiction true story of 20th U.S. President James Garfield, and admirer Charles Guiteau, who assassinated him.
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31121364/]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5119.html Sat, 01 Nov 2025 14:12:15 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5119.html
https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/10/...&auto=webp]]>
https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/10/...&auto=webp]]> https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5118.html Fri, 31 Oct 2025 16:11:15 +0000 https://rogerjnorton.com/LincolnDiscussionSymposium/thread-5118.html
In the 1800s, while enslaved in South Carolina, a man known as Dave the Potter worked as an artisan, making stoneware vessels for food storage. He inscribed his name, dates and poetic verses on the pots, an act of resistance at a time when it was a crime for him to read and write.

Over more than a century, the stoneware pottery has become a powerful representation of the artistic history of enslaved people. The pots made by Dave, who later became known as David Drake when he adopted the surname of his first enslaver after his emancipation, were sold at auctions and displayed in museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the International African American Museum, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

This week, the Boston museum announced its first restitution of artwork created by an enslaved person. The museum said that it had reached an agreement with Mr. Drake’s heirs to restore “ownership” of two vessels in its collection to the family. The vessels will continue to be on display — one is on loan from the family, and the other was purchased back by the museum.

The agreement means that, after more than a century, at least some of Mr. Drake’s many wares have been put back into the hands of his people.

“This marks the first time that the museum has resolved an ownership claim for works of art that were wrongfully taken under the conditions of slavery” in the 19th-century United States, the announcement said.]]>
In the 1800s, while enslaved in South Carolina, a man known as Dave the Potter worked as an artisan, making stoneware vessels for food storage. He inscribed his name, dates and poetic verses on the pots, an act of resistance at a time when it was a crime for him to read and write.

Over more than a century, the stoneware pottery has become a powerful representation of the artistic history of enslaved people. The pots made by Dave, who later became known as David Drake when he adopted the surname of his first enslaver after his emancipation, were sold at auctions and displayed in museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the International African American Museum, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

This week, the Boston museum announced its first restitution of artwork created by an enslaved person. The museum said that it had reached an agreement with Mr. Drake’s heirs to restore “ownership” of two vessels in its collection to the family. The vessels will continue to be on display — one is on loan from the family, and the other was purchased back by the museum.

The agreement means that, after more than a century, at least some of Mr. Drake’s many wares have been put back into the hands of his people.

“This marks the first time that the museum has resolved an ownership claim for works of art that were wrongfully taken under the conditions of slavery” in the 19th-century United States, the announcement said.]]>